L’eredità di Bauman. Ormai per tutti la modernità è «liquida»
Zygmunt Bauman è stato forse il pensatore, filosofo e sociologo che ha meglio interpretato il caos che ci circonda e il disorientamento che viviamo. La temperie di passaggio, lunga e inquietante, in cui siamo immersi.
Specialmente con la fortunata serie di saggi, da Modernità liquida del 2000 in poi, che lo hanno trasformato in un guru del pensiero sulla postmodernità, considerata un territorio incerto costellato da un esercito di consumatori che fanno di tutto per assomigliarsi l’uno con l’altro.
Zygmunt Bauman è morto il 9 gennaio a Leeds a 91 anni. Le sue lezioni, in particolare quelle successiva alla sua fase accademica concentrata sulla sociologia del lavoro, rimarranno strumenti solidi, più che liquidi, per capire la strada che abbiamo di fronte.
LA MODERNITA’ LIQUIDA
L’espressione del sociologo Zygmunt Bauman, “modernità liquida” indica un’epoca in cui la società e le sue strutture sono sottoposte a un processo di “fluidificazione”: per effetto dei fenomeni globali, qualsiasi entità passa dallo stato solido allo stato liquido, perdendo i suoi contorni chiari e definiti. Comportandosi proprio come i fluidi che, non avendo forma propria, assumono quella del contenitore, anche i concetti di luogo, di confine e di identità continuano a trasformarsi e la loro forma viene continuamente ridefinita dalle situazioni.
Concetto fra i più noti del sociologo. Semplice da comprendere, nei suoi confini di massima: con la fine delle grandi narrazioni del secolo scorso abbiamo attraversato una fase che quelle certezze del passato in ogni ambito, dal welfare alla politica.
Ora, invece, viviamo un presente senza nome caratterizzato da diversi elementi: la crisi dello Stato di fronte alle spinte della globalizzazione, delle ideologie e dei partiti, la lontananza del singolo da una comunità che lo rassicuri.
La nostra comunità è diventata il consumo, la nostra unità di misura l’individualismo antagonista ed edonista in cui nuotiamo senza una missione comune.
L’INDIGNAZIONE
La fase che viviamo è propizia ai populismi e in particolare all’indignazione. In generale, a spinte contrastanti che viaggiano in direzioni complesse ma senza progetti, con la sola consapevolezza di ciò che non vogliono.
Per Bauman stiamo insomma vivendo una sorta di interregno gramsciano. Una categoria da molti recuperata per descrivere i tempi che stiamo affrontando, quando “il vecchio muore e il nuovo non può nascere”. Un interregno oltre tutto ricco e affogato nell’informazione nel quale mancano non solo soluzioni univoche ma anche gli agenti sociali in grado di metterle in atto.
ETICA DEL LAVORO ED ESTETICA DEL CONSUMO
Frutto di quella procrastinazione – investire anziché distribuire, risparmiare o spendere; lavorare anziché consumare – è in fondo lo stesso sviluppo della società moderna. Basato su un’attesa – quel ritardo della gratificazione – che ha finito per produrre due tendenze in radicale opposizione: da una parte una società basata sull’etica del lavoro. Quella in cui mezzi e fini si invertirono finendo per premiare il lavoro fine a se stesso, estendendo il ritardo all’infinito e tuttavia mantenendo una volontà di ricercare modelli e regole al vivere comune.
Dall’altra l’estetica del consumo, fenomeno che oggi ha assunto una auto evidenza assoluta: il mondo è stato trasformato dall’economia globale in un “immenso campo di possibilità, di sensazioni sempre più intense” in cui ci muoviamo, spesso alla ricerca di Erlebnisse, di esperienze vissute, magari desunte dall’effimero e dal virtuale.
CONCLUSIONI
Viviamo nell’epoca della modernità liquida.
E allora bisogna schierarsi: cedere docili alle lusinghe del “tutto è friabile”, tutto è consumismo frenetico, tutto dev’essere solubile, ma proprio tutto: dai rapporti di lavoro, mai definitivi e sempre temporanei, alle relazioni affettive, perché nulla è per sempre e, nel mercato globale, l’individuo deve poter scegliere e cambiare ogni volta ne necessita.
“Modernità liquida” non è lo slogan fortunato di una breve stagione, ma una chiave di lettura acuta, brillante, intelligente e capace di spiegare perché il nostro mondo è così e non in un altro modo. Spiega come viviamo, lo sfarinamento della comunità, del partito, della famiglia, delle Chiese. Spiega perché sia durissimo compiere scelte definitive, dallo sposarsi ad altro.
Qualora questa pubblicazione ti sia risultata utile e gradita, per rimanere sempre aggiornato iscriviti gratuitamente alla newsletter settimanale oppure seguici sui social network (facebook ).
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